What it is
Testicular cancer usually starts in the cells that produce sperm. Types include seminomas and nonseminomas. Identifying the type and extent of the cancer helps guide treatment. [1]
Changes to have checked
Arrange an assessment for a lump, swelling, a change in how a testicle feels or persistent discomfort. A lump may be painless. Other conditions can cause similar changes, so an examination helps guide further investigation. [2]
Sudden, severe testicular pain needs emergency care. It may be caused by testicular torsion, which requires immediate treatment. Do not wait for a reply from the office before seeking help. [3]
How it is investigated
Assessment includes your history and an examination, and may involve a testicular ultrasound and blood tests for tumour markers. If cancer is suspected, surgery through the groin to remove the affected testicle—an inguinal orchidectomy—may confirm the diagnosis and begin treatment. This is different from a routine needle biopsy through the scrotum. [4]
Treatment and follow-up
After surgery, options may include scheduled surveillance, chemotherapy or other treatment, depending on the tumour type and extent. Radiotherapy is used in certain situations. Surveillance means attending planned appointments and tests; it does not mean stopping follow-up. The cancer care team will discuss the plan with you. [5]
Some treatments can affect fertility. If you want children or wish to keep that possibility open, ask about sperm banking before treatment. Include this in your treatment planning rather than delaying recommended care on your own. [5]
Prepare for the conversation
Bring any existing reports and images, laboratory results, pathology reports and a medication list. Note when you first noticed the change and what you want to discuss; you do not need to arrange new tests to prepare this list.
- What do we know about the tumour type, and what still needs to be confirmed?
- What options might follow the first treatment?
- What should we discuss about fertility before treatment starts?
- What will follow-up involve, and whom should I tell about new changes?
The specialist discusses this topic
Watch Dr. Hegel’s conversation on Sanando Dudas, published by Telever. The video is in Spanish.